Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• functional groups such as amino, carboxylate, carbonyl, and hydroxy groups. The cytotoxicity study showed good biocompatibility and applicability in both in vitro and in vivo imaging [116]. Recently, milk was used by Al-Hashimi et al. as a natural precursor to synthesize N-CDs via a solvothermal method

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• delivery [50], in vitro diagnosis [51], in vivo imaging [52], and TE purposes. Various NPs can be prepared in the form of liposomes, nanocapsules, micelles, dendrimers, and nanospheres based on their composition and method of preparation. Basically, NPs are designed to function as carriers for bioactive

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• , acquiring this targeted approach could enable the employment of higher doses that will result in a more effective therapy with fewer side effects. In vivo imaging of the epithelium of BM blood vessels revealed that the vasculature expresses the adhesion molecule E-selectin and the chemoattractant stromal

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• bioavailability and luminescence and were non-toxic. The AuNCFs frameworks, because of their highly luminescent nature, also allowed for better imaging compared to [Au25(SG)18]-treated cells. In vivo bioimaging Conpared to cell-line and isolated in vitro studies, in vivo imaging using animal models faces

• make luminescent AuNCs potential candidates for in vivo imaging. Using NIR-emitting Au-BSA NCs, Wu et al. successfully demonstrated in vivo imaging in a mouse model [98]. The Au-BSA NCs were subcutaneously injected to test the efficiency of a localized signal under a few millimeters of tissue (Figure

• that of the in vivo imaging at 5 h post-injection. Guevel et al. reported AuNCs stabilized by zwitterionic molecules for subcutaneous and orthotropic glioblastoma mice models [99]. Two types of Au25 NCs were used, namely, glutathione-capped [Au25(SG)18] and lipoic acid-sulfobetaine zwitterion-capped

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• al. [10]. For the encapsulation of the fluorescent dye DiR as a potential label for noninvasive optical in vivo imaging, the solvent ethanol was evaporated from the dye stock solution and the remaining DiR was dissolved in MCT at a concentration of 0.3 mg/g. Kolliphor HS 15, which was molten at 50 °C

Deterministic placement of ultra-bright near-infrared color centers in arrays of silicon carbide micropillars

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Abdul Salam Al Atem,
• Faraz Ahmed Inam,
• Hans Jürgen von Bardeleben,
• Sophie Hameau,
• Ahmed Fahad Almutairi,
• Gérard Guillot,
• Shin-ichiro Sato,
• Alberto Boretti and
• Jean Marie Bluet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2383–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.229

• element method simulations. Our study provides the pathway for device design and fabrication with an integrated ultra-bright ensemble of VSi and NCVSi for in vivo imaging and sensing in the infrared. Keywords: color centers; micropillars; proton irradiation; quantum sensing; silicon carbide; vacancy

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• allowed for in vivo imaging on the single-biomolecular scale at room temperature [12]. Other approaches not based on NV centers are evolving at the same pace as methods based on NV centers. For example, a new method for high-resolution nano-MRI coupling high spin sensitivity of nanowire-based MR detection

Targeting strategies for improving the efficacy of nanomedicine in oncology

• Gonzalo Villaverde and
• Alejandro Baeza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 168–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.16

• the incorporation of pH-responsive collagenase nanocapsules. This image has been adapted from [15], copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. Left: tumoral zone monitored by bioluminescence and nanoparticle accumulation detected by IVIS® Spectrum in vivo imaging system. Group IV exhibited strong

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• -invasively image and measure temperatures in complex systems such as in vivo imaging, cellular biological systems and matrices, whole-blood samples, and electrospray jets used in mass spectrometry [1]. Optical thermometers using UCNPs are well suited for these applications because near-IR excitation of the

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• . [74] for in vivo imaging of cervix. They demonstrated an increase of nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio with scanning depth in normal epithelium, but there was little change of this ratio from the upper layer to the basal layer in the images of dysplastic epithelium. Tan et al. [76] used fluorescence confocal

• unique molecular tumor marker [88]. The contrast agents consisting of a targeting agent conjugated with optically active labels (metal nanoparticles, quantum dots) can be used for in vivo imaging of this biomarker. Sokolov et al [89] reported the use of gold nanoparticles for the molecular targeted

Early breast cancer screening using iron/iron oxide-based nanoplatforms with sub-femtomolar limits of detection

• Dinusha N. Udukala,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Sebastian O. Wendel,
• Aruni P. Malalasekera,
• Thilani N. Samarakoon,
• Asanka S. Yapa,
• Gayani Abayaweera,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Pamela Maynez,
• Raquel Ortega,
• Yubisela Toledo,
• Leonie Bossmann,
• Colette Robinson,
• Katharine E. Janik,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Ping Li,
• Massoud Motamedi,
• Daniel A. Higgins,
• Gary Gadbury,
• Gaohong Zhu,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 364–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.33

• -based [7] protease sensors have been developed for in vivo imaging and in vitro diagnostics of proteases that rely on fluorescence and magnetic principles [8]. This technology is characterized by high versatility and specificity, because consensus sequences feature high selectivities for the proteases

• for which they were designed [9]. However, the limits of protease detection (LOD’s) of the state-of-the-art technology are sub-picomolar (sub-ng/mg) [4][5][6][7][8], which is sufficient for in vivo imaging of tumors [4][8], atherosclerotic plaques [10] and cardiovascular inflammation [11] in humans

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• UCNP have been reviewed recently [92][93]. Due to the low autofluorescence of tissues in NIR imaging, it has been successfully used for in vivo visualization of various other NP [94][95]. However, in vivo imaging may demonstrate the dynamic process of NP distribution but suffers from a poor spatial

• resolution [96]. Alternatively, high-resolution in vivo imaging of NP commonly requires more invasive methods [20][97]. One important drawback of fluorescence microscopy is the lack of visibility of other structures without fluorescent properties such as normal cells, membranes, and nuclei. The concurrent

Data-adaptive image-denoising for detecting and quantifying nanoparticle entry in mucosal tissues through intravital 2-photon microscopy

• Torsten Bölke,
• Lisa Krapf,
• Regina Orzekowsky-Schroeder,
• Tobias Vossmeyer,
• Jelena Dimitrijevic,
• Horst Weller,
• Anna Schüth,
• Antje Klinger,
• Gereon Hüttmann and
• Andreas Gebert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2016–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.210

• microscopy (2PM); denoising; in vivo imaging; nanoparticles; signal to noise ratio (SNR); quantum dots; Introduction Imaging methods applied to detect fluorescent nanoparticles in mucosal tissues should provide high optical resolution and allow large volumes to be scanned. An important and versatile tool

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• 300 μg·mL−1, and a minor reduction of approx. 15% for 3,000 μg·mL−1. Thus, it follows that small CNOs are not cytotoxic and can be used safely for biological studies. In two other reports, highly oxidized CNOs, derived from pyrolized wood wool, were used for in vivo imaging of Drosophila melanogaster

The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• sophisticated in vivo imaging in biomedical diagnosis [1]. QDs have been used for fluorescence-based imaging by several investigators, however, the chemical composition of their inorganic crystal core, e.g., cadmium, raised concerns about their biocompatibility [2]. Thus, it is not surprising that studies

Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer

• Amanee D Salaam,
• Patrick Hwang,
• Roberus McIntosh,
• Hadiyah N Green,
• Ho-Wook Jun and
• Derrick Dean

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 937–945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107

• to residues 435 to 438 of the type I collagen [34]. To our knowledge, current literature does not report the use of DGEA for improving drug delivery in cancers over-expressing α2β1, despite the abilities of DGEA to facilitate in vivo imaging of α2β1 integrins in cancers [31][35]. Thus in the current

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• intensity, stronger stability and exhibited a longer lifetime compared to uncapped CdS. The CdS/ZnS nanocrystals were stabilized in Pluronic F127 block copolymer micelles, offering an optically and colloidally stable contrast agents for in vitro and in vivo imaging. Photostability test exhibited that the

• ZnS protective shell not only enhances the brightness of the QDs but also improves their stability in a biological environment. An in-vivo imaging study showed that F127-CdS/ZnS micelles had strong luminescence. These results suggest that these nanoparticles have significant advantages for bioimaging

• in vivo imaging indicated the great potential of 470 nm laser excitation for autofluorescence-free QDs-based animal imaging. Further studies involving a systemic administration of the nanoparticles via the intravenous route and their subsequent studies of the biodistribution are required to gather

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• are currently viewed as promising agents for in vivo imaging purposes and might therefore be in frequent use in the near future. AgNP are already abundantly employed in applications for their antimicrobial properties. Both particle types also represent good models for exploring the extent to which

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• have minimal cytotoxicity and they can be used for long term in vitro and in vivo imaging study. Experimental Materials: Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihyrate (HAuCl4·3H2O), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), silver nitrate (AgNO3), L-ascorbic acid, trisodium citrate

Near-infrared dye loaded polymeric nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy and cellular response after laser-induced heating

• Tingjun Lei,
• Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez,
• Romila Manchanda,
• Yen-Chih Huang and
• Anthony J. McGoron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 313–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.35

• (wavelength 700–900 nm) are promising for in vivo imaging because light at these wavelengths has minimal absorption by tissue [6][7]. Moreover, some NIR dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG) can be used as both imaging agents and heat generators due to their unique photothermal properties. However, ICG has a

• significant changes in VEGF expression after laser/NP HT, given that laser/NP HT did not have any effect on HIF-1 expression. In vivo imaging studies In vivo imaging was performed for multiple time points as described in the Experimental section. Images taken at 15 min and 24 h are shown in Figure 6A and

• as compared to control. Laser/NP HT did not result in enhanced VEGF expression. Data presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. In vivo imaging of free IR820 and IR820-PGMD NPs. Figure 6A and 6B 15 min in vivo imaging. Figure 6C and 6D 24 h in vivo imaging. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• relaxation, and can be useful as a multimodal contrast agent for in vivo imaging [5]. It can also be easily doped with other lanthanides and exploited as a fluorescent tag, thus replacing other fluorescent organic molecules. Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles are also employed in site-specific drug delivery